Geographical and interspecific variation in susceptibility of. Biology and ecology of the western flower thrips thysanoptera. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop dam. A large part of the economic literature deals with just four species, thrips tabaci, frankliniella occidentalis, scirtothrips dorsalis, and t. Here are tips for identifying and getting rid of thrips in your garden.
Peapod greenears and the invasion of the thrips, 2nd edition is a straightforward introduction to the core of programming. Geographical and interspecific variation in susceptibility. Download peapod greenears and the invasion of the thrips. Pdf a new attractant for monitoring western flower thrips source. Thrips species feed on a large variety of plants and arthropods by puncturing them and sucking up the contents. Biological sciences agricultural industry horticultural crops diseases and pests thrips identification and classification. Thrips feeding is usually accompanied by black varnishlike flecks of frass excrement. Thrips have asymmetrical mouthparts unique to the group. They feed by puncturing the epidermal outer layer of host tissue and sucking out the cell contents, which results in stippling, discolored flecking, or silvering of the leaf surface.
Yellowed leaves of tswv infected plants may increase thrips attraction 118, or they may be preferred due to increased levels of free amino acids 85. Monitoring should be used to detect the invasion of thrips into a crop and to indicate the need for control measures. Seasonal population dynamics of thrips thysanoptera in. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 55, 6198 6205.
Insecticidal options should be made when thrips infestation results in high grade injury during clear sky periods with no anticipated pest management options. Despite their small size, these insects have the potential to cause yield reductions of more than 100 pounds of lint per acre. Thrips can also be described by their hosts or distinctive body features, such as the western flower thrips, greenhouse thrips, and redbanded thrips. The pest status of onion thrips can be attributed to its polyphagous nature, high reproductive rate, short generation time, high survival of cryptic nonfeeding prepupa and pupa instars, ability to reproduce without mating. Thrips have piercingandsucking mouthparts and cupshaped feet from which bladderlike adhesive organs may be extended. As a result, it was referred to as the cacao or cocoa thrips. Invasion biology of thrips invasion biology of thrips morse, joseph g hoddle, mark s. Invasion genetics of the western flower thrips in china. Based on an integrated approach of morphology and dna barcoding, invasion of this serious pest is reported first time from india on papaya plantations.
The left mandible is used briefly to cut into the food plant. Frankliniella occidentalis western flower thrips cabi. Free trade agreement nafta and the general agreement on tariffs and trade. Different population performances of frankliniella. The species that feed on higher plants occur mostly in the family thripidae. Some species of thrips feed on other insects or mites and are considered beneficial, while some feed on fungal spores or pollen. How to control and get rid of thrips in your garden. Although thrips have wings, they are not strong flyers. In addition, invasion by wft and its replacement of onion thrips as the pest of greatest concern redirected the need for control to this new thrips species, whose biology differs from that of onion thrips.
In proceedings of the 7th international symposium of thysanoptera. Strawberries grown in florida are attacked by several arthropod pests, including flower thrips. Thrips order thysanoptera are minute mostly 1 mm long or less, slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. South east asia pest thrips species, thrips parvispinus karny, is a serious pest on a number of agricultural and horticultural crops in a number of plant families. Thrips migrate into onion fields in summer from transplanted fields and earlymaturing fields alfalfaalfalfa oniononion oniononion imported plantsimported plants.
And the difference of tswv transmission efficiency between two strains was not significant. The western flower thrips is one variety of thrips that can cause extensive damage on over 500 species of plants. A search of the current usdaaphis treatment manual shows eight. Thripidae is a major agricultural and horticulture pest worldwide kirk, 2002. The most complete summary of melon thrips biology and management is presented in girling 1992. In this study, we evaluated the susceptibility of frankliniella occidentalis, thrips palmi and frankliniella intonsa, three common thrips on vegetables, to spinetoram, from 12 geographical areas across china. Thripidae on japanese fruit trees by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism of the ribosomal its2 region volume 92 issue 4 s. Pupa is hidden in soil or curled leaves for chilli thrips and is not typically. Field response of onion thrips and new zealand flower thrips to single and binary blends of thrips lures volume 142 issue 1 michael j.
A large number of thrips species are considered pests because they feed on economically important plants. The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande thysanoptera. Jan 07, 2006 invasion biology of thrips thrips as pest species of an estimated 8000 extant species of thrips 85 and more than 5500 species that are described, scarcely 1% are recorded as serious pests. Pdf sampling for estimating frankliniella species flower. Despite their small size, these insects have the potential to cause yield reductions. Abstract with the discovery of neohydatothrips variabilis beach as a vector of soybean vein necrosis virus family bunyaviridae genus tospovirus, a relatively new pathogen of soybean, a multiyear study was initiated in wisconsin 20 and 2014 and iowa 2014 and 2015 to determine the phenology and species composition of thrips in soybean fields. State key laboratory for biology of plant disease and insect pests. The author dispenses with the sort of tedious, unnecessary information that can get in the way of learning how to program, choosing instead to provide a foundation in general concepts, fundamentals, and problem solving. Thrips response to insecticides in laboratory experiments.
Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing ipm systems owing to. If thrips populations are not controlled, affected flowering plants may lose their ability to produce. Western flower thrips wft, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, is a highly invasive pest, infesting many species of plants worldwide, but few studies have investigated the visual and. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage, vectoring viral diseases, and permanently destabilizing ipm systems owing to irruptive outbreaks that require remediation with insecticides, leading to the development of insecticide resistance. Pdf cold hardiness of western flower thrips frankliniella source. A photobased key of thrips thysanoptera associated with horticultural crops in florida. Gardenia jasminoides and rosa chinensis are economically important horticultural plants in china. Invasion biology, ecology, and management of western. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are predators. Species in the thripidae exhibit a wide range of biologies. The field of invasion biology has accumulated a number of hypotheses and concepts some of these are overlapping or redundant, a few others even contradictory.
The extensive use of insecticides in attempts to control its populations eliminates natural enemies and competitor flower thrips species, thereby increasing its populations. Western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, first arose as an important invasive pest of many crops during the 1970s1980s. Western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis fig. It prefers to feed on onions, but feeds on many field crops, vegetables, various flowers, and bedding plants. The pest status of onion thrips can be attributed to its polyphagous nature, high reproductive rate, short generation time, high survival of cryptic nonfeeding prepupa and pupa instars, ability to. Jan, 2017 thrips response to insecticides in laboratory experiments. Authors division of crop protection central institute for. The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, is an invasive species and the most economically important pest within the insect order thysanoptera. They inhabit leaves, shoots, and flowers of many plants. An unsustainable situation develops with concomitant resistant pest populations, secondary pest. Onions, garlic and other related plants are the prefered hosts of thrips. Thrips migrate into onion fields in spring from soil, culls, weeds, other crops, imported transplants. Review of the nearctic species of anaphothrips thysanoptera. Thripidae, is a pest in commercially produced onion allium cepa l.
Once established, thrips populations can be difficult to control. Onion thrips have been found in most countries throughout the world. A new attractant for monitoring western flower thrips. Thrips can complete the life cycle in 14 to 30 days. Thrips, order thysanoptera, are tiny, slender insects with fringed wings. In total, 163 out of 320 ivf03 51% and 142 out of 320 spinr thrips 44% were able to transmit tswv tested by leaf disc assays in three transmission blocks table 1.
Accumulation of thrips omics resources and advancements in functional biology tools will propel new and exciting molecular studies of thrips tospoviruses interactions. Pdf invasion biology, ecology, and management of western. Maintaining weed free conditions in cotton fields from the beginning of crop growth reduces the spread of development of thrips. What is behind the skyrocketing growth of synthetic biology market synthetic biology is a novel field that finds its origin at the intersection of biology and engineering. Thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their small size and cryptic habits. Most feed on fungi and live in leaf litter or on dead wood. Evaluation of onion allium cepa germplasm entries for. A few of the main species of thrips known to injure greenhouse crops are summarized in table 1 above. Evaluation of onion allium cepa germplasm entries for resistance to onion thrips, thrips tabaci lindeman in tanzania volume 37 special issue gabriel michael njau, agnes m. Morphological and dna barcoding evidence for invasive pest. Thrips do invade homes, possibly brought in on potted plants, and some species have been known to bite humans. Species recognition in the genus scolothrips thysanoptera, thripidae, predators of leaffeeding mites.
Invasion biology, ecology, and management of western flower thrips. Predation by neoseiulus cucumeris and amblyseius swirskii on thrips palmi and frankliniella schultzei on cucumber q garima kakkar a, vivek kumar b. Biology and identification there are at least 6,000 species of thrips in the world. You can find thrips in almost any cultivated and weedy plants. Thrips are a diverse group of hemimetabolous insects that have a range of diets consisting of both plant and animal prey, depending on the species in question.
Thripidae, was first described in california in 1895, and since the 1970s, it had invaded much of the world and became dominant population in most of the areas where it had been introduced kirk and terry 2003, morse and hoddle 2006. However, although phytophagy is the predominant habit, some species partake of both types of food and others subsist only on insect food. They can be a problem in several other crops such as cabbage, cotton, celery, tomatoes, beans, cucumber and pineapple. The western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande, is a polyphagous pest that has been spread worldwide. Molecular interactions between tospoviruses and thrips. Ppt invasion biology of thrips hs gadad powerpoint. To further study the different performances between f. Pesticidemediated interspecific competition between local. Many species feed within the plant buds or curled leaves, so they can be very difficult to detect. Effect of spinosad resistance on transmission of tomato.
The earliest report relating to this thrips was a report by w. Leaffeeding and flower thrips deposit eggs into plants through an egglaying apparatus called an ovipositor. Predation by neoseiulus cucumeris and amblyseius swirskii. This manual lists several other approved chemical phosphine and.
Frankliniella occidentalis and thrips hawaiiensis are serious coexisting pests that previously demonstrated opposite population trends on g. Different species of thrips can occur in the same location and on the same plant. Keys for identification of common thrips were presented. Biology and control of thrips on seedling cotton thrips are the smallest of all cotton insect pests with an overall body length of less than onetwelfth of an inch.
Biology, population fluctuation and control of the banana thrips, frankliniella parvula hood in chantalpa, tabasco in spanish. However, with proper application of the following management practices, growers can economically keep these pests at nondamaging levels. Transcriptome sequencing of thrips vectors is leading to identification of virusresponsive thrips genes and possibly new targets to disrupt the virus transmission cycle. In this study, we evaluated the susceptibility of frankliniella occidentalis, thrips palmi and frankliniella intonsa, three common thrips on vegetables, to spinetoram, from 12. Ministry of agriculture and lands thrips management producing a thrips free crop requires a multifaceted approach. However, variation among dominant thrips species in their susceptibility to insecticide remains unclear. Population development of frankliniella occidentalis and.
Thrips feed on woody plants throughout their growing seasons, including the azalea, ardisia, dogwood, gardenia, hibiscus, magnolia, maple, palm and viburnum throughout the growing season. Many invasive thrips are notorious for causing extensive crop damage. There are about 5000 described species of thrips insects in the order thysanoptera 1,2. Invasion biology of thrips 69 introduction pathways and establishment frequently, successfully established nonnative thrips species are introduced accidentally, repeatedly, and discontinuously over long periods from one or more ranges into new areas 50, 122, 159. Some, such as those of dendrothrips and scirtothrips, breed only on leaves, with scirtothrips species apparently particularly dependent on actively dividing young tissues for successful breeding.
It is important to understand the life cycle and behavior of thrips in order to develop an effective control strategy. Western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis p. It causes damage and spoilage to a vast number of economically important plant species through feeding, oviposition and spread of several plant diseases, most notably tospoviruses morse and. Identify and get rid of thrips control garden pests. Thrips article about thrips by the free dictionary. Thrips are tiny insects with fringed wings that can range in size from 0. Download citation invasion biology of thrips thrips are among the stealthiest of insect invaders due to their small size and cryptic habits.
Biology and pest status of western flower thrips 7 biology and ecology of the western flower thrips thysanoptera. The old farmers almanac garden planner makes planning a garden easy. A thrips vector of tomato spotted wilt virus responds to tomato acylsugar chemical diversity with reduced oviposition and virus inoculation. A thrips vector of tomato spotted wilt virus responds to. This has led to the situation that invasion biologists are having an increasingly hard time to maintain an overview of the disciplines important ideas. Invasion biology, ecology, and management of frankliniella occidentalis in china. An unsustainable situation develops with concomitant resistant pest populations.
1380 1151 569 643 1052 1246 1162 192 1225 1087 1206 321 52 461 1005 169 113 872 565 1340 443 480 1334 390 1113 434 1043 105 1283 884 1431 758 207 481 1133